|
| |
NSSH Part 629
Glossary Of Landform and Geologic Terms
Definition and Purpose
(629.00)
This glossary provides the Soil Survey, soil scientists, and natural
resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and
their definitions to:
- Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source
landform and geologic glossary;
- Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit description by
use of accurate, defined terms;
- Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science, especially
in the NCSS;
- Provide standard geomorphic definitions for data bases and soil survey
technical publications; and
- Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape
and geomorphic entities.
Responsibilities (629.01)
This glossary serves as the official National Cooperative Soil Survey
(NCSS) reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The National
Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and
updating this glossary. MLRA office soil scientists and National
Cooperative Soil Survey participants may, and are encouraged to, propose
additions and changes for use in pedon or soil map unit descriptions
and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (AGI, 1997) serves
as a major source for many glossary terms. Permission was granted
(letters dated 9/11/85 and 9/22/93) to the USDA-Natural Resource
Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) by the
American Geological Institute (AGI), to use existing definitions.
Modifications to original AGI definitions are explained below.
Definitions (629.02)
(a) Reference codes.
Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified
by a code (e.g. GG) following each definition. Underlined codes (e.g. GG)
signify a definition modification form the original source. The reference codes
are:
BFM - Boothroyd, J.C., Friedrich, N.E., and McGinn, S.R. 1985. Geology of
microtidal coastal lagoons: Rhode Island. Marine Geology 63:35-76.
BHM - Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., McCracken, R.J., and Southard, R.J. 1997. Soil
genesis and classification, 4th Ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA; 527p.
CC - Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and Laroe, E.T. 1979.
Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. US Dept.
Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC.
CF - Clayton, L. and Freers, T.F. (eds.) 1967. Glacial geology of the Missouri
Coteau and adjacent areas. Guidebook 18th annual field conference Midwest
Friends of the Pleistocene. North Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series
#30, 170 p.
CV - Cruden, D.M., and Varnes, D.J. 1996. Landslide types and processes. In:
Turner, A.K., and Schuster, R.L., (eds). 1996. Landslides: investigations and
mitigation. National Research Council, Transportation Research Board Special
Report No. 247; National Academy Press, Washington, DC; 673 p.
DV - Varnes, D. 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster, R.L.,
and R.J. Krizek. (eds). 1978. Landslides: analysis and control. National Academy
Sciences, Transportation Research Board Special Report No. 176; 234 p.
FC - Freeze, A.L. and Cherry, J.A. 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 604 p.
FFP - Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the Basin and Range Province defined
for soil survey. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No.
28, Reno, NV. 52p.
GG - Jackson, J.A. (ed) 1997. Glossary of geology, 4th Ed. American Geological
Institute, Alexandria, VA. 769p. ISBN 0-922152-34-9
GG’87 - Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A. (ed) 1987. Glossary of geology, 3rd Ed.
American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA.788p.
DA - Davis, R.A. 1994. Barrier island systems - a geologic overview. P. 1-46.
In: Davis, R.A. ed.) 1994. Geology of Holocene barrier island systems. Springer-Verlag,
New York, NY.
DR - Ritter, D.F., Kochel, R.C., and Miller, J.R. 1995. Process geomorphology,
3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown, Publishers, Dubuque, IA.
FS - Fisher, J.J., and Simpson, E.J. 1979. Washover and tidal sedimentation
rates as environmental factors in development of a transgressive barrier
shoreline; pp.127-148. In: Leatherman, S.P. (ed.) 1979. Barrier islands from the
Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Academic Press, New York, NY.
GD - Demas, G.P. 1998. Subaqueous soil of Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland. PhD
dissertation, Department of Natural Resources and Landscape Architecture,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
GHG - Gile, L.H., Hawley, J.W., and Grossman, R.B. 1981. Soils and
geomorphology in the Basin and Range area of southern New Mexico – Guidebook to
the Desert Project. Memoir 39. New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources,
Socorro, NM; 222 p.
GM - Goldthwaite, R.P. and Matsch, C.L. (eds.) 1988. Genetic classification of
glaciogenic deposits: final report of the commission on genesis and lithology of
glacial Quaternary deposits of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA).
A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam; 294 p.
GS - Green, J., and Short, N.M. 1971. Volcanic landforms and surface features:
A photographic atlas and glossary. Springer – Verlag, New York, NY. 519 p.
GSST - Soil Science Society of America. 2001. Glossary of Soil Science terms.
Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. 135p.
HD - Holdorf, H. and Donahue, J. 1990. Landforms for soil surveys in the
Northern Rockies. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, School of
Forestry, University of Montana, Misc. Publ. No. 51. 26 p.
HF - Fisk, H.N. 1959. Padre Island and the Laguna Madre flats, coastal south
Texas. Louisiana State University, 2nd Coastal Geography Conference; pp.
103-151.
HP - Hawley, J.W., and Parsons, R.B. 1980. Glossary of selected geomorphic and
geologic terms. Mimeo. USDA Soil Conservation Service, West National Technical
Center, Portland, OR. 30 p.
KST - Soil Survey Staff. 1994. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 6th Ed. USDA - Natural
Resources Conservation Service (p.54).
MA - MacDonald, G.A. and A.T. Abbott. 1970. Volcanoes in the sea, the geology
of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, 441p.
NL - Lancaster, N. 1995. Geomorphology of desert dunes. Routledge, New York,
NY. 209p.
NRC - National Research Council of Canada. 1988. Glossary of permafrost and
related ground ice terms. Associate Committee Geotechnical Research, Technical
Memorandum 142; 156 p
RF - Fairbridge, R .W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of geomorphology. 1968. Encyclopedia
of Earth Sciences Series, vol. 3. Reinhold Book Corporation, New York, NY
RD - Daniels, Raymond B. (personal communication).
RR - Ruhe, Robert V. 1975. Geomorphology: Geomorphic processes and surficial
geology. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA, 246p.
SJ - Sugden, D.E. and John, B.S. 1976. Glaciers and landscape, a
geomorphological approach. Halsted Press, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 376 p.
SM - McGinn, S.R. 1982. Facies distribution of Ninigret Pond. Masters thesis,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.
SS - Summer, M.E., and Stewart, B.A. (eds). 1992. Soil crusting in Australia.
In: Soil crusting: chemical and physical process. Advances in Soil Science,
Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL.
SSM - Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual. USDA - Soil Conservation
Service, Agricultural Handbook No. 18, U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
SSS - Subaqueous Soils Subcommittee. 2005. Glossary of terms for subaqueous
soils, landscapes, landforms, and parent materials of estuaries and lagoons.
National Cooperative Soil Survey Conference, USDA-NRCS, National Soil Survey
Center, Lincoln, NE.
ST - Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy. A basic system of soil
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. USDA - Soil
Conservation Service Agricultural Handbook #436, U.S. Gov. Print. Office,
Washington, DC, 754 p.
SW - Schoeneberger, P.J. and Wysocki, D.A. (personal communication), National
Soil Survey Center, NRCS, Lincoln, NE.
WA - Way, D.S. 1973. Terrain analysis. Harvard University, Dowden, Hutchinson &
Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA. 392p.
WCHP - Wells, D.V., Conkwright, R.D., Hill, J.M., and Park, M.J. 1994. The
surficial sediments of Assawoman Bay and Isle of Wight Bay, Maryland: Physical
and chemical characteristics. Coastal and Estuarine Geology File Report Number
94-2, Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, MD.
WM - Monroe, W.H. 1980. Some tropical landforms of Puerto Rico. US Geological
Survey Professional Paper 1159, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
WT - Thornbury, W.D. 1969. Principles of geomorphology; 2nd Ed. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 594 p.
WW - White, W.B. 1988. Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains. Oxford
Univ. Press, New York, NY; 478 p.
(b) Clarifying comments included with glossary definitions.
(not recommended) use – denotes an unacceptable term (obsolete,
poorly-defined, or erroneous) that should not be used. The
glossary provides an alternate term, if available.
(not preferred) refer to – denotes a technically acceptable, but
poorly-defined or outdated term that should be avoided to
prevent confusion and redundancy. Preferred alternatives are
provided.
(colloquial: ) – denotes a regionally-derived or applied term and
identifies the region where it has been used. A colloquial term is
either not widely accepted or unknown outside the geographic area
where it originates. A colloquial term should be avoided if a
more widely recognized alternative exists.
Compare – Follows a term definition and indicates additional
glossary entries that are similar or related to that term.
(c) Glossary terms.
This document requires
Acrobat
Reader.
Glossary
terms and definitions (PDF; 451 KB)
References (629.03)
(a) Current References
Birkeland, P.W. 1999. Soils and geomorphology, 3rd Ed. Oxford
University Press; 430 p.
Bloom, Arthur L. 1997. Geomorphology: a systematic analysis of late
Cenozoic landforms, 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall;
Boothroyd, J.C., Friedrich, N.E., and McGinn, S.R. 1985. Geology of
microtidal coastal lagoons: Rhode Island. Marine Geology 63:35-76.
Buol, S.W., Southard, R.J., Graham, R.C., and McDaniel, P.A. 2003. Soil
classification and genesis, 5th ed. Iowa State Press Ames, IA.
ISBN:0-8138-2873-2
Cherry, J.A.. 1999. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
NJ.
Colman, S.M. and Eethier, D.P. (ed.) 1986. Rates of chemical weathering
of rocks and minerals. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL. 603 p.
Compton, R.R. 1985. Geology in the field. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY; 398 p.
Cooke, R.U. and Warren, A.. 1973. Geomorphology in deserts. University
of California Press, Berkeley, CA; 374 p.
Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and Laroe, E.T. 1979.
Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States.
US Dept. Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC.
Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. 1996. Landslide types and processes. In:
Turner, A.K., and Schuster, R.L. , (eds). 1996. Landslides:
investigations and mitigation. National Research Council, Transportation
Research Board Special Report No. 247; National Academy Press,
Washington, DC; 673 p.
Curran, H.A., Justus, P.S., Young, D.M., and Garver, J.B. 1984. Atlas of
landforms, 3rd Ed. US Military Academy, West Point, NY, Dept Geography
and Computer Science; 155 p.
Daniels, Dr. Raymond B. 1992. (Personal communication). Head (retired),
Soil Survey Investigations, USDA - Soil Conservation Service,
Washington, D.C.
Daniels, R.B., and Hammer, D.. 1992. Soil geomorphology. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, NY;
Davis, R.A. 1994. Barrier island systems - a geologic overview. P. 1-46.
In: Davis, R.A. ed.) 1994. Geology of Holocene barrier island systems.
Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Demas, G.P. 1998. Subaqueous soil of Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland. PhD
dissertation, Department of Natural Resources and Landscape
Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
Dixon, J.B., and Weed, S.B.. (eds). 1989. Minerals in the soil
environment, 2nd Ed. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, Book
Series, No. 1; 1244 p.
Dutro, J.T., Dietrich, R.V., Foose, R.M.. 1989. AGI field data sheets:
for geology in the field, laboratory and office, 3rd Ed. American
Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA.;
Fisher, J.J., and Simpson, E.J. 1979. Washover and tidal sedimentation
rates as environmental factors in development of a transgressive barrier
shoreline; pp.127-148. In: Leatherman, S.P. (ed.) 1979. Barrier islands
from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Academic Press, New
York, NY.
Fisk, H.N. 1959. Padre Island and the Laguna Madre flats, coastal south
Texas. Louisiana State University, 2nd Coastal Geography Conference; pp.
103-151.
Gile, L.H., Hawley, J.W., and Grossman, R.B. 1981. Soils and
geomorphology in the Basin and Range area of southern New Mexico-
guidebook to the Desert Project. Memoir 39. New Mexico Bureau of Mines &
Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM; 222 p.
Gile, L.H., and Ahrens, R.J, (eds). 1994. Supplement to the desert
project soil monograph: Soils and landscapes of a desert region astride
the Rio Grande Valley near Las Cruces, New Mexico. USDA - Soil
Conservation Service, Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 44, vol. 1:
Soil water and soils at the soil water sites, Jornada experiment range.
National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE; 592 p.
Goldthwaite, R.P. and Matsch, C.L, (eds.) 1988. Genetic classification
of glacigenic deposits: final report of the commission on genesis and
lithology of glacial Quaternary deposits of the International Union for
Quaternary Research (INQUA). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam; 294 p.
Graf, W.L. (ed.) 1987. Geomorphic systems of North America. Geological
Society America, Decade of North American Geology, Centennial Special
Volume, No. 2.; 643 p.
Hamblin, W.K. and Howard, J.D.. 1995. Exercises in physical geology, 8th
Ed. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, MN; 192p.
Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G., and Smith, D.G.
1990. A geologic time scale. Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK; 1 sheet.
Holdorf, H. and Donahue, J. 1990. Landforms for soil surveys in the
Northern Rockies. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station,
School of Forestry, University of Montana, Misc. Publ. No. 51; 26 p.
Hunt, C.B. 1986. Surficial deposits of the United States. Van Nos
Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, NY; 208p.
Jackson, J.A.. (ed.). 1997. Glossary of geology, 4th Ed. American
Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA; 769p. ISBN 0-922152-34-9
Kidder, David L. 1987. Stratigraphy,
micropaleontology, petrography, carbonate geochemistry, and depositional
history of the Proterozoic Libby Formation, Belt Supergroup,
northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho. USGS Open File Report
87-635. US Dept of Interior.
Lancaster, N. 1995. Geomorphology of desert dunes. Routledge, New York,
NY. 209 p.
Mausbach, M.J., and Wilding, L.P. (eds). 1991. Spatial variabilities of
soils and landforms. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI,
Special Publication No.28; 270 p.
Maxwell, D.T. 1973. Layer silicate
mineralogy of the Precambrian Belt Series in Belt Symposium sponsored by
the Dept of Geology, Univ. of Idaho and the Idaho Bur. of Mines and
Geology, Sept 17-22, 1973. vol II, pp. 114-138.
McGinn, S.R. 1982. Facies distribution of Ninigret Pond. Masters thesis,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.
Monroe, W.H. 1976. The karst landforms of Puerto Rico. US Geological
Survey Professional Paper 899, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
Monroe, W.H. 1980. Some tropical landforms of Puerto Rico. US Geological
Survey Professional Paper 1159, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington,
DC.
Morrison, R.B. (ed.). 1991. Quaternary nonglacial geology: conterminous
United States. Geological Society of America, Decade of North American
Geology, Geology of North America, Vol. K-2; 672p.
National Research Council of Canada. 1988. Glossary of permafrost and
related ground ice terms. Associate Committee Geotechnical Research,
Technical Memorandum 142; 156p.
Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl, J.P., Jr., Jackson, J. 2005. Glossary of
geology, 5th Ed. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA. ISBN
0-922152-76-4
Nordt, J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R. 2000. Quaternary
geochronology. AGU Reference Shelf 4, American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC; (ISBN 0-87590-950-7); 582 p.
Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the Basin and Range Province defined
for soil survey. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical
Bulletin No. 28, Reno, NV; 52 p.
Peterson, F.F. 1990. A manual for describing NSSL soil sampling sites:
Terms and concepts for identifying physiographic position and other
sampling site descriptors; Draft ver. 1.0; USDA-NRCS National Soil
Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE; 61p. [unpublished]
Porter, S.C. (ed) 1983. Late-quaternary environments of the United
States, Vol. 1: the late Pleistocene. University of Minnesota Press,
Minneapolis, MN. 277 p.
Ritter, D.F., Kochel, R.C., Miller, J.R. 1995. Process geomorphology,
3rd Ed. Wm C. Brown Publ.; Dubuque, IA; 539 p.
Royse, C.F. and Barsch, D.. 1971. Terraces and pediment terraces in the
southwest: an interpretation. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
82:3177-3182.
Schoeneberger, P.J. and Wysocki, D.A. 2002. Geomorphology. In:
Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., and Broderson, W.D.
2002. Field Book for describing and sampling soils, version 2.0.
National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
USDA, Lincoln, NE.
Schoeneberger, P.J. and Wysocki, D.A. 2000. (personal communication).
National Soil Survey Center, USDA - NRCS, Lincoln, NE.
Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., and Broderson, W.D.
2002. Field Book for describing and sampling soils, version 2.0.
National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
USDA, Lincoln, NE.
Schumm, S.A. 1977. The fluvial system. John Wiley & Sons., Inc., New
York, NY; 338 p.
Schumm, S.A. 1987. Experimental fluvial geomorphology. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 413p.
Schumm, S.A. 1991. To interpret the earth: 10 ways to be wrong.
Cambridge Univ. Press; 180 p.
Schumm, S.A., Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C.. 1984. Incised channels:
morphology, dynamics, and control. Water Resources Publications,
Littleton, CO; 200 p.
Schuster, R.L., and Krizek, R.J., (eds). 1978. Landslides: analysis and
control. National Academy Sciences, Transportation Research Board
Special Report No. 176; 234 p.
Selby, M.J. 1993. Hillslope materials and processes, 2nd Ed. Oxford
University Press Inc., New York; 451p.
Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q., and Richmond, D.Q., (eds). 1986. Quaternary
glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere: final report of the
International Geological Correlation Programme, Project 24. Quaternary
Science Reviews, Vol. 5, Pergamon Press, Oxford; 514 p.
Smith, G.D. 1978. The Andisol proposal. In: Leamy, M.L., Kinlock, D.I.,
and Parfitt, R.L. International Committee on Andisols – Final Report.
Soil Management Support Services Technical Monograph #20 (p. 5). USDA –
Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Soil Science Society of America. 2001. Glossary of soil science terms.
Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI; 135 p.
Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual. USDA - Soil Conservation
Service, Agricultural Handbook No. 18, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; 437 p.
Soil Survey Staff. 1994. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 6th Ed. USDA - Natural
Resources Conservation Service.
Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 8th Ed. USDA - Natural
Resources Conservation Service.
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Ed. A basic system of soil
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. USDA - Soil
Conservation Service, Agricultural Handbook #436, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC, 869p.
Sposito, G. 1989. The chemistry of soils. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford;
277 p.
Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. 1989. Elements of physical geography,
4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY;
Subaqueous Soils Subcommittee. 2005. Glossary of terms for subaqueous
soils, landscapes, landforms, and parent materials of estuaries and
lagoons. National Cooperative Soil Survey Conference, USDA-NRCS,
National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
Sugden, D.E. and John, B.S.. 1976. Glaciers and landscape, a
geomorphological approach. Halsted Press, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, NY; 376 p.
Summer, M.E., and Stewart, B.A. (eds). 1992. Soil crusting in Australia.
In: Soil crusting: chemical and physical process. Advances in Soil
Science, Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL.
Trewartha, G.T., Robinson, A.H., Hammond, E.H., and Horn, A.T.. 1976.
Fundamentals of physical geography, 3rd Ed. Magraw-Hill, New York, NY.;
384 p.
Turner, A.K., and Schuster, R.L., (eds). 1996. Landslides:
investigations and mitigation. National Research Council, Transportation
Research Board Special Report No. 247; National Academy Press,
Washington, DC; 673 p.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1970. The national atlas of the United States.
(sheets 61-63: Classes of Land-Surface from E.H. Hammond). U.S.
Geological Survey, Washington, DC; 417 p.
Wahrhaftig, C. 1965. Physiographic divisions of Alaska. US Geological
Survey, USGS Professional Paper # 482; 52p.
Washburn, A.L. 1973. Periglacial processes and environments. St.
Martin's Press, New York, NY; 320 p.
Washburn, A.L. 1980. Geocryology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.;
406 p.
Wells, D.V., Conkwright, R.D., Hill, J.M., and Park, M.J. 1994. The
surficial sediments of Assawoman Bay and Isle of Wight Bay, Maryland:
Physical and chemical characteristics. Coastal and Estuarine Geology
File Report Number 94-2, Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, MD.
White, W.B. 1988. Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains. Oxford
Univ. Press, New York, NY; 478 p.
Wright, H.E. (ed) 1983. Late-Quaternary environments of the United
States, Vol. 2: the Holocene. University of Minnesota Press,
Minneapolis, MN. 277 p.
Wysocki, D.A., Schoeneberger, P.J., and LaGarry, H.E. Geomorphology of
soil landscapes. 2000. In: Sumner, M.E., editor. 2000. Handbook of Soil
Science. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 0-8493-3136-6
(b) Classic References
[Significant references that are Out of Print (no longer commercially
available).]
Balster, C.A. and Parsons, R.B.. 1968.
Geomorphology and soils, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Oregon State
Univ., Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 265,
Corvallis, OR; 31 p.
Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., and McCracken,
R.J. 1973 (1st ed), 1980 (2nd ed.), 1989 (3rd ed.). Soil genesis and
classification. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
(now Buol, Southard, Graham, and McDaniel 2003)
Birkeland, P.W. 1974. Pedology, weathering
and geomorphic research. Oxford University Press, New York, NY ; 285
p.
(see Birkeland, 1999)
Birkeland, P.W. 1984. Soils and
geomorphology, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press; 386 p.
(see Birkeland, 1999)
Bryan, K. 1946. Cryopedology: The study of
frozen ground and intensive frost-action, with suggestions on
nomenclature. American Journal of Science, V. 244; 642 p.
Clayton, L. and Freers, T.F. (eds.) 1967.
Glacial geology of the Missouri Coteau and adjacent areas. Guidebook
18th annual field conference Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene. North
Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series #30, 170p.
Compton, R.R. 1962. Manual of field
geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 378 p. (use Compton,
1985, Geology in the Field.
Compton, R.R. 1977. Interpreting the
earth. Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich, New York, NY; 554 p.
Daniels, R.B., and Jordan, R.H.. 1966.
Physiographic history and the soils, entrenched stream systems, and
gullies, Harrison County, Iowa. USDA - Soil Conservation Service,
Technical Bulletin 1348; 133 p.
Fairbridge, R.W. (ed). 1968. The
encyclopedia of geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series,
Vol. 3. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, NY; 1295 p.
Fenneman, N.M. 1931. Physiography of the
western United States. Magraw-Hill Co., New York, NY; 534p.
Fenneman, N.M. 1938. Physiography of the
eastern United States. Magraw-Hill Co., New York, NY.; 714p.
Fenneman, N.M. 1946. (reprinted 1957).
Physical divisions of the United States. US Geological Survey, US
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; 1 sheet; 1: 7,000,000.
Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary
geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 892 p.
Freeze, A.L. and Cherry, J.A. 1979.
Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.; 604 p.
Gary, M., McAfee, R., Jr., Wolf, C.L. (eds).
1974. Glossary of geology. American Geological Institute, Falls
Church, VA; 805 p. (use Bates & Jackson, 1987).
Green, J., and Short, N.M. 1971. Volcanic
landforms and surface features: A photographic atlas and glossary.
Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 519p.
Hawley, J.W. and Parsons, R.B. 1980.
Glossary of selected geomorphic and geologic terms. Mimeo. U.S. Dept.
Agric., Soil Cons. Serv., West Technical Center, Portland, OR; 30p.
(replaced by National Soil Survey Handbook (NSSH), part 629, 1995).
Hunt, C.B. 1967. Physiography of the
United States. W.H. Freeman & Co., London; 480 p.
Monkhouse, F. 1978. Dictionary of
geography. Aldine Publ. Co., Chicago, IL.; 344 p.
Monkhouse, F. and Small, J. 1978.
Dictionary of the natural environment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY; 320 p.
Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the
Basin and Range Province defined for soil survey. Nevada Agricultural
Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin No. 28, Reno, NV; 52 p.
Ruhe, R.V. 1969. Quaternary landscapes in
Iowa. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA; 255 p.
Ruhe, R.V. 1975. Geomorphology: geomorphic
processes and surficial geology. Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston, MA;
246p.
Ruhe, R.V., Daniels, R.B., and Cady, J.G.
1967. Landscape evolution and soil formation in southeastern Iowa.
USDA - Soil Conservation Service Technical Bulletin 1349; 242 p.
Russel, R.J. (ed.). 1968. Glossary of
terms used in fluvial, deltaic, and coastal morphology. Louisiana
State Univ., New Orleans, LA.; Coastal Studies Institute Technical
Report No. 63; 97 p.
Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy. A
basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil
surveys. USDA - Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Handbook #436,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 754p.
Strahler, A.N. 1946 Geomorphic terminology
and classification of land masses. Journal of Geology 54:35-42.
Thornbury, W.D. 1969. Principles of
geomorphology; 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 594 p.
Thornbury, W.D. 1965. Regional
geomorphology of the United States. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, NY; 609 p.
Varnes, D. 1978. Slope movement types and
processes. In: Schuster, R.L., and R.J. Krizek. (eds). 1978.
Landslides: analysis and control. National Academy Sciences,
Transportation Research Board Special Report No. 176; 234 p.
Lists of Landscape, Landform, Microfeature, and Anthropogenic Feature Terms Defined in the Glossary
(Exhibit 629-1)
(comprehensive alphabetical and subset lists arranged by Geomorphic
Process or Setting). Geomorphic Process is a framework for the
Geomorphic Description System (Schoeneberger and Wysocki, 2002).
[Note: Codes follow some entries: NR - indicates terms that are NOT
RECOMMENDED (should not be used); NP - indicates terms that are NOT
PREFERRED (have been used, but better alternatives exist). Also
following terms are italicized letters for the corresponding shorthand
code (e.g., BA); a dash (--) indicates that no shorthand code has been
assigned.]
- Alphabetical Lists (Landscapes, Landforms, Microfeatures, Anthropogenic Features)
- Landscapes (broad or unique groups or clusters of natural, spatially associated features)
| alluvial plain |
-- |
| alluvial plain remnant |
-- |
| badlands |
BA |
| bajada (also Landform) |
BJ |
| basin |
BS |
| basin floor (also Landform) |
-- |
| batholith |
-- |
| bay [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| bolson |
BO |
| Barrier island (also Landform) |
-- |
| breaks |
BK |
| canyonlands |
-- |
| coastal plain (also Landform) |
CP |
| cockpit karst |
-- |
| cone karst |
-- |
| continental glacier |
-- |
| delta plain (also Landform) |
-- |
| drumlin field |
-- |
| dune field |
-- |
| estuary (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| everglades |
-- |
| fan piedmont (also Landform) |
FP |
| fault-block mountains |
-- |
| fluviokarst |
-- |
| fluviomarine terrace (also Landform) |
-- |
| foothills |
FH |
| glaciokarst |
-- |
| gulf [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| hills (singular = Landform) |
HI |
| ice-margin complex |
-- |
| intermontane basin (also Landform)
|
IB |
| island (also Landform) |
-- |
| karst |
KP |
| kegel karst |
-- |
| lagoon [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| lake plain (also Landform) |
-- |
| lava field (also Landform) |
-- |
| lava plain (also Landform) |
-- |
| lava plateau (also Landform) |
LL |
| lowland |
-- |
| marine terrace (also Landform) |
-- |
| meander belt |
MB |
| mountain range |
-- |
| mountains (singular = Landform) |
MO |
| mountain system |
-- |
| ocean (water body) |
-- |
| outwash plain (also Landform) |
-- |
| peninsula |
-- |
| piedmont |
PI |
| piedmont slope |
-- |
| plains (also Landform) |
PL |
| plateau (also Landform) |
PT |
| rift valley |
-- |
| river valley (also Landform) |
RV |
| sandhills |
SH |
| sand plain |
-- |
| scabland |
SC |
| sea (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| semi-bolson |
SB |
| shore complex |
-- |
| sinkhole karst |
-- |
| sound (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| strait (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| tableland |
TB |
| thermokarst |
TK |
| till plain (also Landform) |
TP |
| tower karst |
-- |
| upland |
UP |
| valley (also Landform) |
VA |
| volcanic field (also Landform) |
-- |
- Landforms (natural, individual, earth-surface features mappable at common survey scales)
| `a`a lava flow |
-- |
| alas |
AA |
| alluvial cone |
-- |
| alluvial fan |
AF |
| alluvial flat |
AP |
| alpine glacier |
-- |
| anticline |
AN |
| arete |
AR |
| arroyo |
AY |
| ash flow |
AS |
| atoll |
AT |
| avalanche chute |
AL |
| axial stream |
-- |
| back-barrier beach |
-- |
| back-barrier flat |
-- |
| backshore |
AZ |
| backswamp |
BS |
| bajada (also Landscape) |
BJ |
| ballena |
BL |
| ballon |
BV |
| bar |
BR |
| barchan dune |
BQ |
| barrier beach |
BB |
| barrier cove |
-- |
| barrier flat |
BP |
| barrier island (also Landscape) |
BI |
| basin floor (also Landscape) |
BC |
| basin-floor remnant |
BD |
| bay [coast] (water body; also Landscape) |
WB |
| bay [geom.] |
-- |
| bay bottom |
-- |
| bayou (water body) |
WC |
| beach |
BE |
| beach plain |
BP |
| beach ridge |
BG |
| beach terrace |
BT |
| berm |
BM |
| beveled base |
-- |
| blind valley |
VB |
| block field |
BW |
| block glide |
-- |
| block lava flow |
-- |
| block stream |
BX |
| blowout |
BY |
| bluff |
BN |
| bog |
BO |
| box canyon |
-- |
| braided stream |
BZ |
| broad interstream divide |
-- |
| butte |
BU |
| caldera |
CD |
| canyon |
CA |
| canyon bench |
-- |
| Carolina Bay |
CB |
| channel (also Microfeature) |
CC |
| chenier |
CG |
| chenier plain |
CH |
| cinder cone |
CI |
| cirque |
CQ |
| cirque floor |
-- |
| cirque headwall |
-- |
| cirque platform |
-- |
| cliff |
CJ |
| climbing dune |
-- |
| closed depression (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| coastal plain (also Landscape) |
CP |
| cockpit |
-- |
| col |
CL |
| collapsed ice-floored lakebed |
CK |
| collapsed ice-walled lakebed |
CN |
| collapsed lake plain |
CS |
| collapsed outwash plain |
CT |
| collapse sinkhole |
-- |
| colluvial apron |
-- |
| complex landslide |
-- |
| coral island |
-- |
| coulee |
CE |
| cove [coast] (water body) |
-- |
| cove [geom] |
CO |
| crag and tail |
-- |
| crater [volcanic] |
CR |
| creep |
-- |
| crevasse filling |
CF |
| cuesta |
CU |
| cuesta valley |
-- |
| cutoff |
CV |
| debris avalanche |
DA |
| debris fall |
-- |
| debris flow |
DF |
| debris slide |
-- |
| debris spread |
-- |
| debris topple |
-- |
| deflation basin |
DB |
| deflation flat |
-- |
| delta |
DE |
| delta plain (also Landscape) |
DC |
| depression |
DP |
| diapir |
DD |
| diatreme |
-- |
| dike |
DK |
| dipslope |
DL |
| disintegration moraine |
DM |
| divide |
DN |
| dome |
DO |
| drainageway |
DQ |
| drainhead complex |
-- |
| draw |
DW |
| drumlin |
DR |
| drumlinoid ridge |
-- |
| dune |
DU |
| dune field (also Landscape) |
-- |
| dune lake (water body) |
-- |
| dune slack (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| earth flow |
EF |
| earth spread |
-- |
| earth topple |
-- |
| end moraine |
EM |
| ephemeral stream (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| eroded fan remnant |
-- |
| eroded fan-remnant sideslope |
-- |
| erosion remnant |
ER |
| escarpment |
ES |
| esker |
EK |
| estuary (water body; also Landscape) |
WD |
| faceted spur |
FS |
| fall |
FB |
| falling dune |
-- |
| fan |
FC |
| fan apron |
FA |
| fan collar |
-- |
| fanhead trench |
FF |
| fan piedmont (also Landscape) |
FG |
| fan remnant |
FH |
| fan skirt |
FI |
| fault-block |
-- |
| fault-line scarp |
FK |
| fault zone |
-- |
| fen |
FN |
| fissure vent |
-- |
| fjord (water body) |
FJ |
| flat |
FL |
| flatwoods |
-- |
| flood plain |
FP |
| flood-plain playa |
FY |
| flood-plain splay |
FM |
| flood-plain step |
FO |
| flood-tidal delta |
-- |
| flood-tidal delta flat |
-- |
| flood-tidal delta slope |
-- |
| flow |
-- |
| flute (also Microfeature) |
FU |
| fluviomarine bottom |
-- |
| fluviomarine terrace (also Landscape) |
-- |
| fold |
FQ |
| foredune |
FD |
| fosse |
FV |
| free face (also Geom. Comp. – Hills,
Mountains) |
FW |
| fringe-tidal marsh |
-- |
| gap |
GA |
| geyser |
-- |
| geyser basin |
-- |
| geyser cone |
-- |
| giant ripple |
GC |
| glacial drainage channel |
GD |
| glacial lake (water body) |
WE |
| glacial lake [relict] |
GL |
| glacial-valley floor |
-- |
| glacial-valley wall |
-- |
| glacier |
-- |
| gorge |
GO |
| graben |
GR |
| ground moraine |
GM |
| gulch |
GT |
| gulf [coast] (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| gut [stream]; (water body) |
WH |
| gut (valley) |
GV |
| half graben |
-- |
| hanging valley |
HV |
| headland |
HE |
| head-of-outwash |
-- |
| headwall |
HW |
| high hill |
-- |
| highmoor bog |
HB |
| hill |
HI |
| hillslope |
-- |
| hogback |
HO |
| homoclinal ridge |
-- |
| horn |
HR |
| horst |
HT |
| hot spring |
-- |
| ice-contact slope |
-- |
| ice-marginal steam |
-- |
| ice-pushed ridge |
-- |
| inlet |
-- |
| inselberg |
IN |
| inset fan |
IF |
| interdrumlin |
-- |
| interdune (also Microfeature) |
ID |
| interfluve (also Geom. Component -
Hills) |
IV |
| interior valley |
-- |
| intermittent stream (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| intermontane basin (also Landscape)
|
IB |
| island (also Landscape) |
-- |
| kame |
KA |
| kame moraine |
KM |
| kame terrace |
KT |
| karst cone |
-- |
| karst tower |
-- |
| karst valley |
-- |
| kettle |
KE |
| kipuka |
-- |
| knob |
KN |
| knoll |
KL |
| lagoon [coast] (water body; also Landscape) |
WI |
| lagoon bottom |
-- |
| lagoon channel |
-- |
| lahar |
LA |
| lake (water body) |
WJ |
| lakebed [relict] |
LB |
| lake plain (also Landscape) |
LP |
| lakeshore |
LF |
| lake terrace |
LT |
| landslide |
LK |
| lateral moraine |
LM |
| lateral spread |
-- |
| lava field (also Landscape) |
-- |
| lava flow |
LC |
| lava flow unit (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| lava plain (also Landscape) |
LN |
| lava plateau (also Landscape) |
LL |
| lava trench (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| lava tube |
-- |
| ledge |
LE |
| levee [stream] |
LV |
| loess bluff |
LO |
| loess hill |
LQ |
| longitudinal dune |
-- |
| longshore bar [relict] |
LR |
| louderback |
LU |
| low hill |
-- |
| lowmoor bog |
LX |
| marine terrace (also Landscape) |
MT |
| maar |
-- |
| mainland cove |
-- |
| main scarp (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| mangrove swamp |
-- |
| marine lake (water body) |
-- |
| marsh |
MA |
| mawae |
-- |
| meander |
MB |
| meandering channel |
MC |
| meander scar |
MS |
| meander scroll |
MG |
| medial moraine |
MH |
| mesa |
ME |
| meteorite crater |
-- |
| mogote |
-- |
| monadnock |
MD |
| monocline |
MJ |
| moraine |
MU |
| mountain (plural = Landscape) |
MM |
| mountain slope |
MN |
| mountain valley |
MV |
| mud flat |
MF |
| mudflow |
MW |
| mud pot |
-- |
| muskeg |
MX |
| natural levee |
NL |
| neck [volcanic] |
-- |
| notch |
NO |
| nunatak |
NU |
| ocean (water body) |
-- |
| open depression (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| outwash delta |
-- |
| outwash fan |
OF |
| outwash plain (also Landscape) |
OP |
| outwash terrace |
OT |
| overflow stream channel |
-- |
| oxbow |
OX |
| oxbow lake (water body) |
WK |
| oxbow lake (ephemeral) |
OL |
| paha |
PA |
| pahoehoe lava flow |
-- |
| paleoterrace |
-- |
| parabolic dune |
PB |
| parna dune |
PD |
| partial ballena |
PF |
| patterned ground |
PG |
| pavement karst |
-- |
| peak |
PK |
| peat plateau |
PJ |
| pediment |
PE |
| perennial stream (water body) |
-- |
| pillow lava flow |
-- |
| pingo |
PI |
| pinnacle |
-- |
| pitted outwash plain |
PM |
| pitted outwash terrace |
-- |
| plain (also Landscape) |
PN |
| plateau (also Landscape) |
PT |
| playa |
PL |
| playa dune (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| playa floor (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| playa lake (water body) |
WL |
| playa rim (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| playa slope (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| playa step (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| plug [volcanic] |
-- |
| plug dome |
PP |
| pluvial lake (water body) |
WM |
| pluvial lake (relict) |
PQ |
| pocosin |
PO |
| point bar |
PR |
| point bar [coastal] |
-- |
| pothole (also Microfeature) |
PH |
| pothole lake (water body) |
WN |
| pressure ridge [ice] |
-- |
| pressure ridge [volcanic]; also
Micro.) |
PU |
| proglacial lake (water body) |
WO |
| proglacial lake [relict] |
-- |
| pyroclastic flow |
-- |
| pyroclastic surge |
-- |
| raised beach |
RA |
| raised bog |
RB |
| ravine |
RV |
| recessional moraine |
RM |
| reef |
RF |
| relict-tidal inlet (water body) |
-- |
| reworked lake plain |
-- |
| ribbed fen |
RG |
| ridge |
RI |
| rim |
RJ |
| river (water body) |
-- |
| river valley (also Landscape) |
-- |
| roche moutonnée (also Microfeature)
|
RN |
| rock fall (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| rock avalanche |
-- |
| rock glacier |
RO |
| rock pediment |
-- |
| rock spread |
-- |
| rock topple |
-- |
| rotational debris slide |
-- |
| rotational earth slide |
-- |
| rotational rock slide |
-- |
| rotational slide |
RP |
| saddle |
SA |
| sag (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| sag pond (water body; also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| salt marsh |
SM |
| salt pond (water body; also Microfeature)
|
WQ |
| sand flow |
RW |
| sand ramp |
-- |
| sand sheet |
RX |
| scarp |
RY |
| scarp slope |
RS |
| scree slope |
-- |
| sea (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| sea cliff |
RZ |
| seif dune |
SD |
| semi-open depression |
-- |
| shield volcano |
-- |
| shoal (water body) |
WR |
| shoal (relict) |
SE |
| shore |
-- |
| sill |
RT |
| sinkhole |
SH |
| slackwater (water body) |
WS |
| slick rock (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| slide |
SJ |
| slot canyon |
-- |
| slough (ephemeral water) |
SL |
| slough (permanent water) |
WU |
| slump |
SK |
| slump block |
SN |
| snowfield |
-- |
| soil fall |
-- |
| solution platform |
-- |
| solution sinkhole |
-- |
| sound (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| spit |
SP |
| spur |
SQ |
| stack [coast] |
-- |
| stack [geom] |
SR |
| star dune |
-- |
| steptoe |
ST |
| stock |
-- |
| stoss and lee |
-- |
| strait (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| strand plain |
SS |
| strath terrace |
SU |
| stratovolcano |
SV |
| stream (water body) |
-- |
| stream terrace |
SX |
| strike valley |
-- |
| string bog |
SY |
| structural bench |
SB |
| submerged back-barrier beach |
-- |
| submerged mainland beach |
-- |
| submerged point bar [coastal] |
-- |
| submerged-upland tidal marsh |
-- |
| submerged wave-built terrace |
-- |
| submerged wave-cut platform |
-- |
| swale (also Microfeature) |
SC |
| swallow hole |
TB |
| swamp |
SW |
| syncline |
SZ |
| talus cone |
-- |
| talus slope |
-- |
| tarn (water body; also Microfeature)
|
-- |
| terminal moraine |
TA |
| terrace |
TE |
| thermokarst depression |
TK |
| thermokarst lake (water body) |
WV |
| tidal flat |
TF |
| tidal inlet |
-- |
| tidal marsh |
-- |
| till-floored lake plain |
-- |
| till plain (also Landscape) |
TP |
| toe (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| tombolo |
TO |
| topple |
-- |
| tor |
TQ |
| Toreva block |
-- |
| translational debris slide |
-- |
| translational earth slide |
-- |
| translational rock slide |
-- |
| translational slide |
TS |
| transverse dune |
TD |
| trough |
TR |
| tunnel valley |
TV |
| tunnel-valley lake (water body) |
-- |
| U-shaped valley |
UV |
| valley |
VA |
| valley-border surfaces |
-- |
| valley flat |
VF |
| valley floor |
VL |
| valley floor remnant |
-- |
| valley side |
VS |
| valley train |
VT |
| volcanic cone |
VC |
| volcanic dome |
VD |
| volcanic field (also Landscape) |
-- |
| volcano |
VO |
| V-shaped valley |
VV |
| wash |
WA |
| washover fan |
WF |
| washover-fan flat |
-- |
| washover-fan slope |
-- |
| wave-built terrace |
WT |
| wave-cut platform |
WP |
| wind gap |
WG |
| window |
-- |
| wind-tidal flat |
-- |
| yardang (also Microfeature) |
-- |
| yardang trough (also Microfeature)
|
-- |
- Microfeatures (discrete, natural, earth-surface features too small to delineate at survey scales)
| bar |
-- |
| channel (also Landform) |
-- |
| closed depression (also Landform) |
-- |
| corda |
-- |
| cutter |
-- |
| dune slack (also Landform) |
-- |
| dune traces |
-- |
| earth pillar |
-- |
| ephemeral stream (also Landform) |
-- |
| finger ridge |
-- |
| flute (also Landform) |
-- |
| frost boil |
-- |
| glacial groove |
-- |
| groove |
-- |
| gully |
-- |
| hillock |
-- |
| hoodoo |
-- |
| interdune (also Landform) |
-- |
| intermittent stream (water body; also
Landform) |
-- |
| karren |
-- |
| lava flow unit (also Landform) |
-- |
| lava trench (also Landform) |
-- |
| main scarp (also Landform) |
-- |
| minor scarp |
-- |
| mound |
M |
| nivation hollow |
-- |
| open depression (also Landform) |
-- |
| patterned ground (see below)
|
PG |
Patterned ground microfeatures (used in association with the landform
“patterned ground” or PG):
- Periglacial patterned ground microfeatures:
| circle |
-- |
| earth hummocks |
-- |
| high-center polygons |
-- |
| ice wedge polygons |
-- |
| low-center polygons |
-- |
| non-sorted circles |
-- |
| palsa (palsen = plural; = peat
hummocks) |
-- |
| polygons |
-- |
| sorted circles |
-- |
| stripes |
-- |
| turf hummocks |
-- |
- Other patterned ground microfeatures:
| bar and channel |
-- |
| circular gilgai |
-- |
| elliptical gilgai |
-- |
| linear gilgai |
-- |
| gilgai |
G |
| hummocks |
-- |
| intermediate position (gilgai) |
-- |
| mima mounds |
-- |
| pimple mounds |
-- |
| perennial stream (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| pinnacle |
-- |
| playa dune (also Landform) |
-- |
| playa floor (also Landform) |
-- |
| playa rim (also Landform) |
-- |
| playa slope (also Landform) |
-- |
| playa step (also Landform) |
-- |
| playette |
-- |
| pond (water body) |
-- |
| pool (water body) |
-- |
| pothole (also Landform) |
-- |
| pressure ridge (volcanic) |
-- |
| rib |
-- |
| rill |
-- |
| ripple mark |
-- |
| roche moutonnée (also Landform) |
-- |
| rockfall (also Landform) |
-- |
| sag (also Landform) |
-- |
| sag pond (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| sand boil |
-- |
| scour (mark) |
-- |
| shoreline |
-- |
| shrub-coppice dune |
-- |
| slick rock (also Landform) |
-- |
| slip face |
-- |
| solifluction lobe |
-- |
| solifluction sheet |
-- |
| solifluction terrace |
-- |
| solution chimney |
-- |
| solution corridor |
-- |
| solution fissure |
-- |
| solution pipe |
-- |
| spatter cone |
-- |
| spiracle |
-- |
| strandline |
-- |
| swale (also Landform) |
-- |
| swash zone |
-- |
| tank (water body) |
-- |
| tarn (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| terracettes |
T |
| toe [mass move.] (also Landform) |
-- |
| tree-tip mound |
-- |
| tree-tip pit |
-- |
| tumulus (tumuli = plural) |
-- |
| vernal pool (seasonal water body) |
-- |
| yardang (also Landform) |
-- |
| yardang trough (also Landform) |
-- |
| zibar |
-- |
- Anthropogenic Features [discrete, human-made or
modified, earth-surface features]
| artificial collapsed depression |
G |
| artificial levees |
A |
| beveled cut |
-- |
| borrow pit |
-- |
| burial mound |
B |
| cut (road, railroad) |
-- |
| cutbank |
-- |
| ditch |
-- |
| dredged channel |
-- |
| dredge-deposit shoal |
-- |
| dredge spoil bank |
-- |
| dump |
-- |
| fill |
-- |
| filled marshland |
-- |
| floodway |
-- |
| gravel pit |
-- |
| impact crater |
-- |
| landfill (see sanitary landfill) |
- |
| leveled land |
-- |
| log landing |
-- |
| midden |
H |
| openpit mine |
-- |
| pond (human-made) |
-- |
| quarry |
-- |
| railroad bed |
D |
| reclaimed land |
-- |
| rice paddy |
E |
| road bed |
I |
| road cut |
-- |
| sand pit |
-- |
| sanitary landfill |
-- |
| scalped area |
-- |
| sewage lagoon |
-- |
| skid trail |
-- |
| spoil bank |
-- |
| spoil pile |
-- |
| surface mine |
-- |
| tillage features (see below) |
F |
Tillage Management features (common types):
| conservation terrace (modern)
|
-- |
| double-bedding mound |
-- |
| drainage ditch |
-- |
| furrow |
-- |
| hillslope terrace (e.g.,
archeological features) |
|
| inter-furrow |
-- |
| truncated soil |
-- |
| urban land |
-- |
| truncated soil |
-- |
| urban land |
-- |
- Geomorphic Environments and Other Groupings
(Landscape, Landform, and Microfeature terms grouped by geomorphic
process (e.g. Fluvial) or setting e.g. Water Bodies). These lists
are not mutually exclusive; some features occur in more than one
environment or setting.)
- Coastal Marine and Estuarine (wave or tidal control on
near-shore / shallow marine)
Landscapes:
| bay [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| coastal plain |
CP |
| barrier island (also Landform) |
-- |
| estuary (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| fluviomarine terrace (also Landform) |
-- |
| gulf [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| island (also Landform) |
-- |
| lagoon [coast] (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| lowland |
-- |
| marine terrace (also Landform) |
-- |
| ocean (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| peninsula |
-- |
| sea (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| shore complex |
-- |
| sound (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
| strait (water body; also Landform) |
-- |
Landforms:
| atoll |
AT |
| back-barrier beach |
-- |
| back-barrier flat |
-- |
| backshore |
AZ |
| bar |
BR |
| barrier beach |
BB |
| barrier cove |
-- |
| barrier flat |
BF |
| barrier island (also Landscape) |
BI |
| bay [coast] (water body; also Landscape) |
WB |
| bay bottom |
-- |
| beach |
BE |
| beach plain |
BP |
| beach ridge |
BG |
| beach terrace |
BT |
| berm |
BM |
| bluff |
BN |
| chenier |
CG |
| chenier plain |
CH |
| coastal plain |
CP |
| coral island |
-- |
| delta |
DE |
| delta plain (also Landscape) |
DC |
| drainhead complex |
-- |
| flat |
FL |
| flatwoods |
-- |
| fluviomarine terrace (also Landscape) |
-- |
| foredune |
FD |
| fringe-tidal marsh |
-- |
| gulf [coast] (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| headland |
HE |
| island (also Landscape) |
-- |
| lagoon [relict] |
WI |
| lagoon (water body) |
-- |
| longshore bar [relict] |
LR |
| mangrove swamp |
-- |
| marine lake (water body) |
-- |
| marine terrace (also Landscape) |
MT |
| mud flat |
MF |
| point bar [coastal] |
-- |
| raised beach |
RA |
| reef |
RF |
| salt marsh |
SM |
| sea (water body; also Landscape) |
-- |
| sea cliff |
RZ |
| semi-open depression |
-- |
|
About Us
